1、Supply the missing paragraph. The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided. The Job I Would Like to Do after Graduation （1）After years of industrious yet fruitful study in college, I will graduate and be ready to serve society by taking up my first job. Most of my classmates consider pay as the top priority in choosing a job, but to obtain a job that is intellectually rewarding, creative, and contributive has been my ambition for many years. I believe that this kind of job is worthiest of devotion. （2）A job that is intellectually rewarding is one that can provide me with opportunities to deal with books every day, and to busy myself with the mystery of mankind and the universe. In a world in which money is very often valued more than anything else, I sometimes feel as if I were pulled by some evil force to the acquisitive society. Therefore, I wish the job I do in the future will be able to keep me from being enslaved by materialism. Good books, I know, will keep me awake. Moreover, a job, which brings me into contact with great minds, will excite my curiosity and fire my imagination. It will lay one question after another in front of me, urging me to seek the answer. Thus, I will always be able to maintain a youthful spirit. （3）_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （4）A contributive job is one that helps to make my country strong and prosperous. I remember my first train journey to the university. On the way I was shocked to see, in some rural areas, the shabby huts that I took for cowsheds but were actually people's dwelling places. Thereafter, these huts flash into my mind from time to time, reminding me of my duty to help those people improve their lives. Therefore, the job which I would like to choose after graduation is not one which promises a bright future for myself only, but one which will help to bring about a better life for many other people. These are what I would seek in my career. Provide me with a job which bears the above characteristics, and I will dedicate myself to it. I trust that an intellectually rewarding, creative and contributive job will give me the greatest satisfaction. 简答题 20分

2、Supply the missing paragraph. The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided. The Magic of Music （1)Music is one of the most common forms of entertainment. I can hardly think of anyone who doesn' t like music. It appears that wherever you go, music is playing or someone is listening to his or her MP3 or CD player. From middle school students to business executives, almost everyone seems to be a keen music lover. Why do people enjoy music so much? I believe music works like magic: it pleases our senses, lightens our moods, and helps to develop friendship. (2)To begin with, music appeals to us greatly because heating is one of our most receptive and pleasure-feeling senses. Our ears are capable of heating and interpreting an extremely broad range of pitch and tones. Yet, other than music, the day-to-day sounds we usually hear are a scattered and unrelated series of overlapping middle tones, for example, voices and construction noise. The lack of harmony and variation in these sound waves can cause a headache. Conversely, music is the only kind of sound that is comprised of a harmonized and logical sequence of high and low tones. It is simply and naturally pleasing to our senses. (3)___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (4)Finally, music is of great value because it is a means of establishing a common interest among both friends and strangers. Friends frequently take pleasure in sharing new music. The quality of a particular piece of music is something that even strangers can agree on without much debate.Strangers from different countries can easily become friends through the simple process of singing or dancing together to music. Music, the only universal language, binds people together. (5)Therefore, music has magic power which stimulates our senses and enhances our moods and emotions. It also serves as a means for establishing closer ties between friends and strangers alike. Indeed, a life without music would be boring and difficult. 简答题 20分

3、Supply the missing paragraph. The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided. The Positive Effects of Owning a Dog on Children (1)Dogs are the best friend of children. The dog and the child teach each other things and they look after each other. Owning a dog can have positive effects on a child' s development.Having a dog develops a child' s sense of responsibility broadens his capacity for empathy, and teaches him the nature of friendship. (2)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (3)Another lesson that a child can learn from having a dog is how to be empathetic. A dog cannot express itself with speech, so its owner must learn to understand what the dog’s behavior means. Is the dog frightened, aggressive, or sick? The child needs to understand what is going on in the dog's mind. The result of learning to read a dogs behavior is that the child develops empathy. By learning how to empathize with a dog, the child also learns how to empathize with other people. This leads to the child becoming a more considerate and caring person. (4)Being considerate and caring are important characteristics in a good friend. One of the most significant benefits of owning a dog is the example of true friendship that dog provides. A dog gives unconditional love to its owner. A dog will not stop loving its owner because of a little anger, indifference, or neglect. A dog will wait patiently for its owner to pat its head and say a few kind words. This acceptance of the negative qualities and appreciation for the positive qualities of its owner provide a wonderful model of how to be a good friend. A child who has learned to be as good a friend to others as his dog is to him will have learned one of the most valuable lessons in life. These are some of the most important lessons a child will ever learn. The benefits of owning a dog will last in the child' s entire lifetime. The understanding and appreciation of responsibility, empathy, and friendship that a child develops from the experience of having a dog will help him or her grow into a reliable, caring, and mature adult. 简答题 20分

4、The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided. Why Movies Are Popular (1)Many people would say that movies whether seen in the cinema, on the Internet, or on the DVD player, are one of the most popular forms of entertainment. Judging from the amount of time people are willing to spend on watching them, I readily agree with the statement. We have dozens of reasons for our love of movies. But the most obvious ones are the story, the special effects and the stars. (2)A "movie" is, basically, technology’s answer to the traditional storybook. We all hunger for a life full of passion, excitement and love. If we don't find them in our own life, we try to experience them in fictional stories. A movie tells a story more effectively and vividly than a book. Take the movie "Saving Private Ryan" for example. In the first battle scene when the soldiers are under fierce gunfire from the Germans, you feel you are running with the soldiers and witnessing everything firsthand. You hear the echoes of bullets flying overhead. For fifteen frightening minutes, you feel as if you were in the middle of the battlefield. No storybook can create such a vivid effect. Special effects are another crowd-puller. Take the movie "Jurassic Park" for instance. The dinosaurs’ images are created by a computer, yet in the movie, they look as real as the actors. You can see their shadows and the vapor from their breath. This type of movie magic amazes the audience and keeps them coming back for more. Then there is “The Matrix". For two hours, the special effects of this movie make us believe that ordinary humans can walk around inside a computer program. Both movies draw a large number of viewers to their sequels, mostly because of their special effects. (3)___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (4)In summary, movies are popular because of the story, the special effects and the movie stars. It is still the quickest and easiest way to temporarily leave your ordinary life and to experience passion and excitement. 问题1.Supply the missing paragraph 问题2.Write a sentence outline. 简答题 20分

5、The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided. The Doubt That Haunts (1)When most people are asked to produce something creative, they freeze. They panic. They choke. They seize up with self-doubt. "Creativity? " they say. " Not me! "If you disbelieve this statement, consider how often you try new things in your life. How readily do you try something creative, such as writing, drawing or singing? Most of us believe we can't create and have believed it for so long that the belief has become reality. People possess a large capacity for self-doubt about their creative ability in terms of writing，drawing, and music. (2)Writing offers a classic example. About 90 percent of adults believe they cannot write, although nearly all young children believe they can write. Self-doubt seems to creep in as we grow older. I witnessed this last year in a college writing class when the instructor asked the students if they ever wrote outside of school. One student raised his hand. When the instructor asked how many students thought of themselves as writers, no students--zero out of twenty--raised a hand. By contrast, a first grade teacher had asked her students the same questions and received quite different responses. Did any first graders write outside of school? Twenty out of twenty-two hands shot up. Did any first graders think of themselves as writers? Twenty-two out of twenty-two hands went up. Plainly, adults are more self-conscious about their creativity than children are. (3)Drawing is another creative ability that many adults doubt they have. For instance, at a recent family party I suggested we play "Pictionary", which involves drawing clues for secret words. "Absolutely not! "my family said "We can' draw ". The interesting part, however, is that we played "Pictionary" and had a wonderful time with some very creative drawings. This experience showed me that people often doubt they can be creative because they haven' tried. (4)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (5)Self-doubt about creativity in areas such as writing, drawing, or music seems nearly universal among adults. It seems probable, however that almost all adults have the capacity for creativity in those areas. People all have the potential to be creative and would be able to express their creative side as long as they try. What keeps people from being creative? In my opinion people are afraid of looking inept, so they hesitate to try creative things. If people would learn to do things to please themselves rather than to please others, maybe their doubts would disappear. 问题1.Supply the missing paragraph. 问题2.Write a topic outline. 简答题 20分

6、Supply the missing paragraph. The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided. Enjoying Your Camping Trip （1）Each year, thousands of people choose to spend their vacations camping in the tent in the great outdoors. With proper planning the experience can be gratifying. Even with the best planning, however, tent camping can be an extremely frustrating experience due to uncontrolled factors such as bad weather, wildlife encounters and equipment failures. （2）Nothing can dampen the excited anticipation of camping more than a dark, rainy day. After reaching their destination, campers must then "set up camp" in the downpour. This includes keeping the inside of the tent dry and free from mud, getting the sleeping bags situated properly, and protecting food from the downpour. Wind mixed with rain can result in frigid temperatures, causing any outside activities to be delayed. Often, tents are blown down by the wind, and campers have to begin the frustrating task of "setting up camp" in the downpour. （3）Another problem likely to be during a camping trip is with wildlife, which range from mildly annoying to dangerous. Minor inconveniences include mosquitoes and ants. The swarming of mosquitoes can literally drive annoyed campers indoors. Ants do not usually attack campers, but keeping them out of the food can be quite an inconvenience. In addition to swarming the food, ants inside a tent can crawl into sleeping bags and clothing. Although these insects cause minor discomfort, some wildlife encounters are potentially dangerous. There are many poisonous snakes in the woods. An encounter between an unwary camper and a surprised snake can prove to be fatal. （4）Perhaps the least serious camping troubles are equipment failures; these troubles often plague people camping for the first time. They arrive at the campsite at night and haphazardly set up their tent. They then settle down for a peaceful nights rest. Sometime during the night, the campers are awakened by a huge crash. The tent has fallen down. Sleepily, they proceed to set up the tent in the rain. In the morning, everyone emerges from the tent, except for two. Their sleeping bag zippers have gotten caught. Finally, after fifteen minutes of struggling, they free themselves, only to realize another problem. Their sleeping bags have been touching the sides of the tent. Since a tent is only waterproof if the sides are not touched, the sleeping bags and clothing are all drenched. （5）____________________________________________________________________ 简答题 20分

7、Supply the missing paragraph. The following passage is incomplete with one paragraph missing. Study the following passage carefully and write a paragraph of about 100 words. Make sure that the tone and vocabulary you use are in unity with the passage provided. Dating in Cyberspace （1）The number of single people in the United States has been increasing for several years. Many of them like being single and do not want to find a marriage partner. Some however, want to find someone, but they’re too busy to spend the time. They don't want to invest time in a relationship, find out that they aren't compatible, and have to start all over again. There is a solution to this problem: cyber-dating. Anyone who is seriously looking for a partner should try cyber-dating. （2）For one thing, cyber-dating is extremely convenient. There are many reputable websites that make it easy to post your profile for others to see. Once you have posted your profile, you read about the thousands of others who have done the same. You can take as much or as little time as you like looking through the database. Also, these sites are available twenty-four hours a day, so you can search when you have the time. （3）___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （4）Finally, the anxiety of dating is greatly lessened with cyber-dating. Traditionally, men take the lead in dating. They are the ones who have to ask a woman out on a date. They have to risk rejection. It's no better for women however Many women still wait for a man to ask them out first. Then, if they don't want to go out with him, they have to let the man down gently. While it's true that sometimes with cyber-dating men still get rejected and women still reject, you experience this in the privacy of your own home. Moreover you never have to see the person again because you have never met! It's the perfect solution. （5）In short, if you are looking for someone to date and even marry, you should go online and post your profile on a dating website. It's convenient, safe, and worry-free. 简答题 20分

8、Supply the missing paragraph. The following passage is incomplete with one paragraph missing. Study the following passage carefully and write a paragraph of about 100 words. Make sure that the tone and vocabulary you use are in unity with the passage provided. Parents Are Not Always the Best Teachers （1）Throughout my life, I have been lucky enough to have a very good relationship with my parents. They have supported me, given me necessary criticism, and taught me a great deal about how to live my life. Parents can be very important teachers in our life; however, they are not always the best teachers. （2）Parents may be too close to their children emotionally. Sometimes they can only see their children through the eyes of a protector. For example, they may limit their children' s freedom in the name of safety. A teacher might see a trip to a big city as a valuable new experience. However, it might seem too dangerous to a parent. （3）Another problem is that parents may expect their children' s interests to be similar to their own. They cannot seem to separate from their children in their mind. If they love science, they may try to force their children to love science, too. But what if their children' s true love is art, or writing,or even car repair? （4）___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （5）The most important thing to realize is that we all have many teachers in our life. Our parents teach us, our teachers teach us, and our peers teach us. Books and newspapers television also teach us. All of them are valuable. 简答题 20分

9、The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided. Say No to Blind Optimism （1）"Is the glass half full or half empty? "This question is often asked to determine whether someone is an optimist or a pessimist. In my view, even though we need to see the glass half full, we cannot deny the fact that the glass is also half empty. Having a healthy proportion of expectations makes us more realistic. Blind optimism, however, may foster delusions, result in frustrations and spoil relationships. （2）We all long for accomplishments, but sometimes we overstress the positive outcome of our effort and waste our time with glorious plans that will never work. We indulge ourselves in delusions and impractical dreams. We fail to see that blind optimism only gives us false promises and clouds our sense of judgment. Ambition without clear directions cannot lead to a victorious experience.We need to understand that wishful thinking and delusions won' t work. （3）________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________- （4）Balanced optimism helps us to develop healthy relationships whereas blind optimism destroys them. One of the reasons for short-lived friendships is that we tend to expect too much of our friends. However, they may not always live up to our expectations. This gives rise to disappointment and misunderstanding. Friendships or relationships consequently turn sour. Some relationships may be seriously affected, with all parties experiencing much pain. A more realistic outlook helps us to understand human limitations, show more consideration for others and prevent excess expectations. （5）To sum up, blind optimism does more harm than good and should be discarded. Saying no to blind optimism means we can fly but we fly with the safest bet, with the parachute, so that we don't drop hard. It proves our ability to accept weaknesses and strive for the best. It gives us second options in our lives and alleviates the pains and disappointments that life imposes on us. This holistic attitude, accepting both positive and negative sides, will make us stronger and more mature. After all, a lotus is a beautiful flower that blossoms out of the mud. 问题1.Supply the missing paragraph. 问题2.Write a sentence outline. 简答题 20分

10、补全段落，重点考察内容是  单选题 1分

11、Write a topic outline. Confucius （1）No other philosopher in the world has more enduring influence than Confucius. For over two thousand years, his concept of government, and his ideas about personal conduct and morality pervaded Chinese life and culture. Even today, his thoughts remain influential. （2）Confucius was born in a small town in northeastern China and grew up in poverty. He had no formal education; however, through self-study he became a learned man. For a while he held a minor government post; but he soon resigned his position and spent most of his life teaching.The most important teachings of Confucius were collected in a book, the Analects compiled by his disciples. （3）The two cornerstones of his system of personal conduct were “ren” and “li”. “Ren” might be defined as "benevolent concern for one's fellow men. " “Li” is a term less easily translated: it combines the notions of etiquette, good manners, and due concern for rituals and customs. Confucius believed that a man should seek truth and virtue rather than wealth. In addition, he was the first philosopher to state the Golden Rule, which he phrased as "Do not do unto others that which you would not have them do unto you.” （4）Confucius believed that children owe respect and obedience to their parents, wives to their husbands, and subjects to their rules. But he was never a defender of tyranny. On the contrary, he held that the state should work for the benefit of the people, and that a leader should govern by moral example rather than by force. （5）At the time of his death, Confucius was a respected, but not yet greatly influential, teacher and philosopher. Gradually, though, his ideas became widely accepted throughout the country. In the third century B. C. Shih Huang Ti, the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, united China. He decided to reform the country entirely and make a complete break with the past. The Emperor therefore suppressed Confucian teachings and ordered the burning of all copies of Confucian works. Most Confucian works were indeed destroyed, but some copies survived, and a few years later, after the dynasty founded by the" First Emperor" had fallen, Confucianism re-emerged. In the Han dynasty, it became the official state philosophy, a position it maintained throughout most of the next two millennia. （6）Indeed, for much of that period, the civil service examinations in China were based primarily on knowledge of Confucian classics. Since those examinations were the main route by which common people could enter the administration and achieve political power, the governing class of China was largely composed of men who had carefully studied the works of Confucius and absorbed his principles. 简答题 20分

12、Read the following passage carefully and compose a"topic outline"for it. Leonardo da Vinci （1）Leonardo da Vincis works of art made him world-famous. But there was far more to this great man of ideas than just the Mona Lisa's pretty face. Leonardo is often thought of primarily as an artist, and with masterpieces such as “The Last Supper” and the “Mona Lisa” to his credit, his place in art history is assumed. Yet his notebooks show that his main interests lay elsewhere-- in engineering and technology. The notebooks are full of drawings and designs for all kinds of inventions--from calculating machines to tanks, from parachutes to helicopters. If his pioneering work on anatomy is also taken into consideration, we can easily see why Leonardo is considered one of the greatest geniuses of all time. He is not only an outstanding artist, but also a great scientist. （2）Born in 1452, Leonardo was given only a rudimentary education in his early age. After ten years in the workshop of the artist Verrocchio, he set up as a freelance artist. Some of his works have survived, and reveal a stunning combination of technical skills with very careful observation. His works also reveal an emerging fascination with technology, with technical drawings of equipment of all kinds. （3）Leonardo was particularly fascinated by the technology of warfare. At this time, Florence was at war with the Pope, and Leonardo realized that this was an opportunity to make use of his new inventions for better guns and other military equipment. However, the war ended before anything could come of his plan and he returned to his painting. （4）At the age of thirty, he left his home town and eventually moved to Milan, where he spent seventeen years under the patronage of Ludovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan. Here he continued to combine his scientific and technological work with his painting, which was of perspective and proportion. During this period, he painted “The Last Supper” and developed his ideas for chemical weapons and flame-throwers. （5）When Sforza was driven from power by the French, Leonardo returned to Florence and spent four years working for Cesare Borgia as an engineer and military architect. He now became fascinated with flight. He studied birds for clues about how to fly and drew sketches of machines resembling helicopters. （6）In 1506, he returned to Milan and became increasingly focused on science. He began to study human anatomy and the circulation of blood. He also drew up a comprehensive guide to the working of living creatures. （7）He died at Amboise in France, where he was welcomed by King Francois. He continued to do the occasional sketch, a few designs and plans for buildings, but most of his time was devoted to sorting out his scientific papers. （8）Only twenty-one of his dozens of notebooks survive. Just seventeen paintings have been ascribed to him with certainty, and some of those are unfinished. Leonardo may not have achieved the perfection that he aspired to, but he came closer to it in more fields than anyone before or since. 简答题 20分

13、Read the following passage carefully and compose a topic outline for it. Metaphors Encourages Creative Thinking （1）It happens in schools, offices, and boardrooms everywhere: someone working on a project hits a mental block. A boss or teacher might resort to a metaphor like "think outside the box" or "put two and two together", encouraging a creative solution to the problem. As it turns out, this isn' t just abstract advice. According to an upcoming issue of Psychological Science, literally working outside of a box or putting two halves of something together just might help those creative juices start flowing again. （2）Since physical metaphors regarding creativity are so common and appearing in several different languages, a group of researchers hypothesized that they may extend beyond mere metaphors. Their study indicates that acting out metaphors literally can affect how our minds work. （3）In the first part of the study, the researchers asked 102 undergraduates to perform a Remote Associates Test (RAT), in which the subjects were given three seemingly unrelated words and asked to come up with a word that relates to each one. For example, the subject might be given "measure", "worm," and "video", and the correct response would be "tape”. (4)The participants were divided into three groups; one group was asked to perform this task while sitting inside a 5’ by 5' cardboard box, another group sat outside the same box, and those in the third group performed the task without a box in the room at all. None of the participants knew the hypothesis behind the study; they were merely told it was an experiment on different working environments. (5)There was no difference in performance between those inside the box and those with no box at all. However, the participants that were seated outside the box did much better on the RAT than the other two groups. Apparently, something about literally “thinking outside the box "encourages creativity. (6)A second experiment looked at another well-known piece of advice: to "put two and two together" to come up with an answer. In the study, 64 subjects were divided into two groups. The first group had to perform a RAT while joining halves of cut paper cards from piles on each side of a desk. The second group performed a similar task, but only had to move card halves from one side of a desk to the other side. Those "putting two and two together" by uniting the two halves of the cards did far better on the RAT than those that were merely moving the cards from one pile to another. (7)So, acting out metaphors linked to creativity really can help us think creatively. In fact, it does more than let us access the knowledge we presently have; it encourages us to come up with new, unique and creative ideas. Next time you're stuck on a problem, take a minute to ponder--or even act out-- your favorite metaphor, and you might happen upon a great solution. 简答题 20分

14、Read the following passage carefully and compose a "topic outline" for it. E-Wastes (1)The past few decades have witnessed amazing advancement in technology, especially in the field of electronics. Despite the remarkable facilities offered by these advances they have given birth to a new type of hazardous waste, called e-waste. E-waste, containing numerous poisonous wastes, makes hazardous impacts and renders recycling problems. (2)Electronic waste, or e-waste, is any broken or unwanted electronic device or appliance; sometimes, it is also called WEEE--waste from electrical and electronic equipment. Discarded computers, monitors, televisions, printers, scanners, fax machines, mice, keyboards CD players, digital cameras, walkie-talkies and cell phones form the major chunk of e-waste. (3)It has been estimated that around 50 million tons of electronic products are discarded annually around the world. Most of the electronic wastes are produced by developed nations, which are later exported to developing countries for disposal. Since the government regulations are absent or are not enforced in these third world countries, the used electronic products are often easily accessible to the general public, who are exposed to health hazards associated with e-wastes. (4)The primary concern with e-wastes is the hazardous content they carry. Studies indicate that more than 1000 chemicals including PVC plastics and various types of gases are used for manufacturing electronic products and their components. For instance, computer monitors typically contain lead, a heavy metal known for causing brain damage among children. (5)Similar to monitors, flat panel TVs contain large amounts of mercury, which is likely to cause cancer. Switches and batteries contain cadmium and nickel, which are harmful to humans, animals and plants. Metal housing and joints, often coated with chromium corrosion protector(镀铬防护层), cause damage to liver and kidney. Similarly, beryllium dust generated from relays, connectors and motherboards are highly poisonous to humans. (6)The waste management of electronic appliances is complicated, primarily because most of the countries are not able to recycle more than 20 percent of the e-waste they generate. The leading reason for this low rate of recycling is the lack of information and initiative on part of the consumers. In addition, in many parts of the world, tons of electronic waste is discarded in illegal dump sites, where no waste monitoring system exists. (7)The extensive variety of the materials involved in electronic appliances also makes the sorting tedious, thereby rendering the e-waste recycling business less effective. The problem can only be resolved by adopting improved recycling solutions and generating public drive for e-waste recycling. (8)E-waste represents one of the most diverse mixtures of the waste categories. Increasing at an alarming rate, e-wastes pose serious health hazards to humans and wild life. Consumer awareness and commitment are necessary for controlling the problem. Technological advances such as clean computers and appliances are also beneficial since they can address the problem at root. 简答题 20分

15、Read the following passage carefully and compose a "topic outline" for it. What Makes an Exceptional Leader? (1)On December 14, 1911, Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his team made history as the first expedition to reach the South Pole. Thirty-five days later, on January 17th 1912. British explorer Robert Falcon Scott reached the South Pole, with five exhausted men. No one survived the brutal journey home. Another noted British explorer, Sir Ernest Shackleton, never reached the South Pole. While failing to achieve the first overland crossing of Antarctica, Shackleton, succeeded in bringing all 27 members of his expedition party safely home, after 634 days of unbelievable hardship. The polar adventures of Shackleton, Scott, and Amundsen provide fundamental leadership lessons for any leaders no matter what race must be run. (2)Effective leadership requires a clear strategic focus. With single-minded determination, Amundsen set his plans and priorities on winning the race to the South Pole, for the glory of standing there first. Scott lacked such focus. He assembled the best scientific minds and equipment available for an unprecedented research expedition. But he also aimed to claim the "reward of priority" for the British Empire. Striving for both goals, Scott failed doubly. (3)Successful leaders are open to new ideas. As a Norwegian, Amundsen began with an advantage over his British rivals: comfort with skiing. Yet, he continued to refine his skills, importing ideas from the Eskimos and developing an integrated set of competencies--skiing, dog-handling, clothing, and carefully-planned diet, pace, and rest --for polar travel. Scott and Shackleton, however, were surprisingly resistant to the use of novel methods. Ultimately, both relied on the slow exhausting technique of man hauling. (4)Leaders need to draw on the collective wisdom of the team. As a leader, Scott believed it was his unique responsibility to analyze situations and draw conclusions. His decisions were closely held and sometimes revealed at the last minute. In sharp contrast to Scott, both Amundsen and Shackleton sought ideas and opinions from their men. Through this process, Amundsen and Shackleton gave team members a sense of control and value, resulting in greater ownership and commitment. (5)The best leaders forge strong bonds. Despite their differences in personality, the enthusiastic Shackleton and the understated Amundsen had strikingly similar approaches to leadership. Both were acutely sensitive to the emotions of their men and skilled at managing conflict. Both emphasized Individual ability above rank or social status. And both participated in everyday expedition life, including simple chores. These behaviors, both practical and symbolic, reinforced the message of unity. Although Scott’s doomed polar party stayed together until the very end, his detachment, emphasis on hierarchy and one-sided decision-making style created barriers to team unity and damaged morale. (6)Flaws aside, Shackleton Amundsen and Scott shared qualities, exceptional perseverance, determination, and courage-that are crucial for any leader. Leadership success is often relative and always personal. Amundsen led his team and landed on the South Pole successfully: Scott and his men reached the South Pole, but none of them survived the journey home. Shackleton failed in achieving his goal of crossing Antarctica but he led his team to safety through extreme hardship. Was Shackleton a success or a failure as a leader? The answer depends on how you measure success. 简答题 20分

16、Read the following passage carefully and compose a "topic outline"for it. The Smell of Home (1)Last week a friend told me that she was reading a French novel in her university literature class. It was called “Remembrance of Things Past” and was written by Marcel Proust. She told me that in that book, a man bites into a little cookie called a Madeleine and that the taste of the cookie makes him think about the past. For me, it is the sense of smell rather than the sense of taste that brings back happy memories. (2)The aroma of pipe tobacco always makes me smile. I know most people feel very differently about the smell of tobacco, but I like it for a simple reason: My grandfather used to smoke a pipe, and I adored my grandfather. After an especially good dinner, he used to settle into his favorite chair and go through a long ritual of filling his pipe with something that looked like dead leaves and smelled of apples. Then he would light the pipe, lean back, and smile. The grandchildren gathered around him while he smoked and told us stories about when he was young and travelled the world on sailing ships. I felt safe and loved sitting near my grandfather while he smoked his pipe. (3)Another wonderful smell is the scent of sweet rolls just coming out of the oven. When I was a child, my mother used to bake sweet rolls every Saturday. The children helped mix the dough with sugar and cinnamon and shape it into little balls. Then we eagerly watched the timer as it counted down the minutes until the rolls were done. After my mother took out the hot rolls and placed them on the counter, the children mixed water and sugar into a paste. When the rolls were cool, we spread the paste over the rolls. What a wonderful aroma! My mother let us eat one right away. We were very happy and secure there in the family kitchen with the smell of sweet, hot rolls. (4)My favorite aunt always wore a perfume that smelled like roses. My aunt was a tall and large woman who had lots of blond hair and wore flowered dresses. Her perfume was just like her: soft, friendly, warm, and cheerful. She had a lovely singing voice, and when I spent the night at my cousins' house, she would sit in the bedroom as we fell asleep singing old lullabies in her rich, low voice. I fell asleep under the blankets to the smell of her rose perfume and her soft songs, feeling cared for and content. (5)These are just three examples of smells that I associate with happiness and safety. I don’t know anyone who smokes a pipe these days, so I rarely smell pipe tobacco. However I have my mother's recipe for sweet rolls, and I sometimes bake them for my friends. I like to wear more than one kind of perfume, but whenever I wear my rose perfume, I think of my aunt. Smells bring back wonderful memories. 简答题 20分

17、Read the following passage carefully and compose a TOPIC OUTLINE for it Everyone Is Talking, and No One Is Listening (1)Since the middle of the 1990s, the ability to communicate electronically has expanded dramatically. Electronic communication is changing how people relate to one another. However, one thing remains constant: these new forms of communication are not face to face. They are distant, and they keep people at a distance. In my opinion, due to electronic communication, relationships today are changing for the worse; they have become fragmented, superficial, and anonymous. Communication these days is becoming a process of exchanging messages of two or three words. There is no longer time for serious and deep reflection. For example, in most countries, sending a text message via a cell phone is much cheaper than talking on that phone, so people send each other silly messages like "RU ready "or “4 sure". The language of Shakespeare and Milton has become reduced to abbreviations. With Instant Messenger(IM), people send each other emoticons such as a smiley face instead of sentences. In addition, since Instant Messenger depends on who has the fastest connection, there cannot be real communication. There is no give-and-take. These fragmented messages are not true communication. (2)The current ability to relate to one another electronically is largely textual; that is, people read messages from each other. Blogs, or Web logs, have become the way to communicate. However, anyone, anywhere can create a blog, and they can write anything they want. There are millions of blogs being produced. It seems that everyone wants to shout, "Hey, here I am! This is me! ", but no one really listens. No one responds. Another reason why relationships are becoming more superficial is the spread of e-mail. Because they are overwhelmed by spam in addition to real messages, people just skim what they see and either make a rapid, thoughtless response or ignore it completely. No one reads e-mail messages carefully because there are just too many of them. (3)Finally, while one great advantage of the World Wide Web is that it is anonymous, this is also its major disadvantage. Anyone can pretend to be anyone. For example, a sixteen-year-old high school student could say that he is a twenty-three-year-old college graduate, and the person reading his blog or profile would never know. This type of anonymity can also put internet users at risk. There are many news stories about a criminal convincing a teenager to meet him at a coffee shop or a mall. The teenager agrees to meet her internet friend because she thinks she is meeting another teenager. The Web knows no one; a person can invent an identity. It's clear that there can be no real communication when it's so easy for someone to remain anonymous. (4)In short, electronic communication has multiple advantages, but it also has disadvantages. This new form of communication makes people lonelier because they don' t make real and meaningful connections. The communication is fragmented and superficial, and it is not always honest because of the ability to be anonymous. Fewer silly messages and more face-to-face communication would make us better people, I think. 简答题 20分

18、Read the following passage carefully and compose a "sentence outline" for it. Styles of Dress as Reflections of Social Conditions (1)Something that becomes very apparent when we study the topic of fashion is that clothes and style are related to so much more than merely an individual s appearance. For thousands of years, fashion and style have been primary indicators about a person’s social status, sexuality, wealth, individuality, and overall personality attributes. (2)In the 20th century alone, each decade has been marked by distinctly different manners for dress for both men and women. Our Halloween tradition exemplifies this very clearly with “costumes" such as a 1920s "flapper girl" and the 1960s "hippie ". With deeper consideration, however, these differing fashion styles can be viewed as representative of the related social conditions occurring at the time. (3)As stated by Pasacoe, The fashion of the 1920s reflected the Jazz Age perfectly. It was made for fast automobiles and Charleston dance. For the first time in western fashion the knee was socially acceptable. "Although there are many theories regarding what causes fashion to change, the fact that social climate is reflected in styles of dress has a great deal of support. Perhaps the reason why so much change occurred in women' s dress in the early decades of the century is that so many changes occurred regarding women' s roles and fights within that same time frame. (4)Another decade in which fashion was strongly indicative of the underlying social conditions is the turbulent 1960s. One of the most noted developments accredited to this decade is the introduction of the miniskirt. Many social historians relate the introduction of the miniskirt to the introduction of the birth control pill. Women became sexually liberated and the "free love" era began. These miniskirts came to symbolize the new liberation for women and the social climate of the decade. As stated in “Vogue” at the end of the decade, "The length of your skirt is how you feel this moment." (5)Towards the end of the 1960s, younger generations were rejecting the establishment and rejecting the idea of high fashion along with it. Students wore long hair, faded denim jeans, and flamboyant patterns. Many wore combat jackets and surplus shirts to anti-war rallies. As Hoeymaker stated,"By the end of the decade, cheap flamboyant clothes became expensive designer labels. The hippie style became high fashion: in fact 'anti-fashion' became the biggest fashion of all." In this case, clothes became a form of protest. (6)Overall, there are countless examples of how fashion is influenced by the social climate of the times. Over the past thousands of years, the socially "appropriate" styles of dress for men and women have varied tremendously. Regardless of what exactly constituted "stylish" fashion during any given time period, one thing that remains constant is that fashion has always been a significant aspect of one’s life and the time in which they lived. 简答题 20分

19、撰写大纲部分，如果分三层，依次是  单选题 1分

20、以下是 sentence outline写法的是  单选题 1分

21、撰写大纲，怎么样确定议论文的分论点  单选题 1分

22、根据以下分论点段落,推测撰写大纲分为几层: One of the main benefits of staying in one job is security. Changing an employer often means a period of instability, where one may have to think about moving house or temporarily losing a steady source of income. Staying in one job means these problems are avoided. Another benefit of not changing an occupation is that one is able to gain a lot of experience and expertise in his specific profession, thus enhancing job security. One' s company may recognize his loyalty and reward his service. On the other hand, those who often change jobs may be seen as unreliable and lacking in experience; thus employers might be reluctant to hire and invest training in them. 单选题 1分

23、What is the author’s viewpoint / thesis in the following paragraph ? After years of industrious yet fruitful study in college, I will graduate and be ready to serve society by taking up my first job. Most of my classmates consider pay as the top priority in choosing a job, but to obtain a job that is intellectually rewarding, creative, and contributive has been my ambition for many years. I believe that this kind of job is worthiest of devotion. 单选题 1分

24、撰写二层大纲，怎么确定分论点？ 单选题 1分