1、I.Supply the missing paragraph. The following passage is incomplete with one paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided. Happiness （1）What makes a person happy？ If people want to be happy， should they seek money and professional success？ Many experts are trying to find out the obstacles to happiness and the ways to overcome them. The strategies they have offered are simple yet effective: to be true to oneself， avoid comparison with others financially， and welcome laws and rules that increase the general happiness of the population. （2）One of the chief obstacles to happiness is being untrue to one＇s real desire. Researchers have found that people who follow their authentic desires generally report being happier than those who do not. At its core， authenticity implies discovering and pursuing what people care about most. Take Linda＇s choice of career as an example. She found herself caught in the middle between her own dream of being a navigator and following her parents＇advice of becoming a teacher. Her compromise to family expectations and social traditions has caused her lifelong regret. Therefore， people need to be true to themselves to increase the sense of personal happiness. （3）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （4）Finally， people often benefit from some laws and social rules， which may even cost money， like paying taxes. People need to realize that some taxes can make the public happier， because they improve the overall quality of life. In one study of cigarette taxes， researchers conclude that＂taxes may affect the happiness of former smokers （by making it easier to resist the temptation to resume smoking） or would-be smokers （by making it easier to never start smoking）.＂This example demonstrates how social rules can lead to the general happiness of its population， even through the apparently negative practice of increased taxation. Taxes also contribute to the funds available for other social purposes. This further proves the need for taxation. （5）These are merely three ways that scholars of happiness studies have recommended to help enhance personal happiness. People should seek to live as their authentic selves in their personal and professional lives. They should avoid social comparison and live within their means. Furthermore， they should welcome any practice that increases the general happiness of the population. Everyone says they want to be happy， and happiness studies may help people learn how to lead happier lives rather than to passively expect happiness to find them. 简答题 20分

2、II.Write an outline. Read the following passage carefully and compose a＂sentence outline＂for it. Smart Ravens （1）A flock of ravens ravaging a dead body may technically be called an unkindness. People hate them， but ravens are not terrifying. Do they have sharp， curved beaks that they use to tear dead animals to pieces？ Yes. Are their calls close to a horrifying and mysterious laugh？ Most definitely. But that doesn＇t make them evil. Rather， they are masterminds， good at making awesome plans for the future. （2）The latest findings of ravens come from two Swedish scientists who literally put ravens to test. Up until now， we know that ravens have some ability to plan ahead for their own food needs because they hide food to dig up later. Then again， squirrels store food in the ground for later and they’re， well， not the smartest. They forget about 75 percent of their nuts， identically planting millions of trees in the process. And if＂stupid＂squirrels can be biologically programmed to store food for later， maybe ravens aren＇ t as smart as we thought. Except obviously they are. （3）Ravens， as it turns out， will often choose to give up a tasty nut now in favor of getting a better treat later. Faced with a piece of food and a tool that they know can open a box containing more delicious food， they will generally choose the tool-even if they don＇t have the box yet. They＇ve learned that when researchers present them with the box in 15 minutes＇ time， they can use that tool to unlock their prize. That＇s great vision right there. Even small children often choose to eat one ice-cream immediately rather than wait a few minutes for more. （4）This shouldn＇t come as such a shock. Ravens also steal from each other by watching competitors hide food， noting the location and returning later to dig it up. And because they get stolen from， some ravens will actually pretend to hide food to mislead thieves. What＇s more， they can tell other ravens where to find a juicy， rotting animal body and team up to scare off their competitors. That ability to communicate information about a distant location is shared only by ants， bees and humans. Besides deceiving one another to keep a food source a secret， they can also take advantage of other animals. For example， they would call wolves over to a dead body that has not broken down enough yet so that the wolves can rip it apart， leaving more convenient scraps for the ravens to eat. （5）If all that doesn＇t make you love and embrace our raven lords， nothing will. These birds are geniuses in their own right--so what if their look is a little weird？ Their intelligence isn＇t to be feared；it＇s to be revered. 简答题 20分

3、III. Compose an essay. Tourists are advised to follow the saying ＂When in Rome， do as the Romans do＂while traveling abroad. What will you do to become a welcome tourist if you go abroad？ Write a 300-word expository essay expressing your opinion. 简答题 60分